Virginia Commonwealth University Metropolitan Educational Research Consortium

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Research & Publications

We have created an extensive collection of research since our inception. The following is a complete list of our current publications. Please click on the research folder to read a brief on each of the available publications. These publications are free for MERC members.  For non-members, we accept payment by check or purchase order. Please include a 10% shipping and handling fee – referred to as S&H.

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Links to additional resources:

AERA , ERIC , NCME, OERI , USDDE , VAPEN , CEPI , NCES , CRESST , CTP


Academic and Vocational Education

This publication reviews the literature on the integration of academic and vocational education, and then proposes a system design to improve educational services to all students. Building on the literature, an outline of an instructional guidance system is offered as a starting point for school divisions embarking on this promising path. The study begins with a clear definition of what is expected of students, curricular frameworks, and an individual and program monitoring delivery system.

     Pisapia, J., & Riggins, E. (1997). The integration of academic and vocational education, system design. 55 pp ($16.50)   

Alternative Schools

This study was designed to describe the initial few months of implementation of an alternative school for ninth and tenth grade students, to evaluate important factors related to student success, and to provide recommendations to enhance the effectiveness of the school. Semi-structured interviews of administrators, counselors and teachers were conducted, along with document analysis and some observations.  To find out more, view the research brief: Effectiveness of Alternative Schools

 

Alder, N. & Brown, T. (1999, Nov.). Effectiveness of Alternative Schools. 23pp ($12.00)

Assessment / Accountability

The research team studied leading school divisions to determine how they use performance-based assessment for instruction and accountability. They identified useful formats for local program and policy implementation. To find out more, view the research brief: P erformance-Based Assessment

     Seyfarth, J. (1993, March). Performance-based assessment: Questions and answers. 63 pp ($10.00)   
     Seyfarth, J. (1994, July). Performance-based assessment: Lessons learned from leading edge school districts. 54 pp ($16.50)   
     Rhodes, J.A., Robnolt, V.J. & McKelvey, S. (2004). Alignment of classroom assessment with the Virginia Standards of Learning (SOL).  Report Available online or by ordering ($10.00)   

At-Risk Students

 

The purpose of this study was to use in-depth interviews of students who had left school for academic reasons to identify specific factors in the classroom that they believe contributed to their departure.˜ The study also examined what school drop-outs believed personnel could do to prevent other at-risk students from leaving school.

Boyle, J. R., & Anderson, T. (2000, May). Why Students leave school: A review of literature. 42pp ($10.00)

 

Simon, D. (1993, June). Increasing the academic pool of minority students for higher education. 108 pp ($16.50)

 

McMillan, J. H., & Reed, D.R. (1993, January). Defying the odds: A study of resilient at-risk students. 86 pp ($16.50) Read the brief: Students Who Defy the Odds: A Study of Resilient At-Risk Students

 

McMillan, J. H., Reed, D.R., & Bishop, A. (1992, June). A qualitative study of resilient at-risk students: Review of literature. 58 pp ($10.00) Read the brief: Developing Resilient Schools and Resilient Students

Collaborative Teaching

This project involved a comprehensive study of collaborative teaching for academically able students with disabilities. Perspectives of administrators, collaborative teachers, students in collaborative programs, and parents, were investigated. To find out more, view the research brief :

The Efficacy of the Collaborative Teaching Model for Serving Academically-able Special Education Students

 

Gerber, P. J. (1995, February). The efficacy of the collaborative teaching model for serving academically-able special education students: Review of literature. 15 pp ($10.00)

 

Gerber, P. J. (1996, January). The efficacy of the collaborative teaching model for serving academically-able special education students: Research report. 95 pp ($16.50)

Differentiated Instruction

 

Hootstein, E. (1998, November). Differentiation of instructional methodologies in subject-based curricula at the secondary level. 43 pp ($15.00)

Early Reading Interventions

     Atkinson, A. (1997). Early reading interventions: What works? 50 pp ($16.50)   

ESL

Richardson, J.S. (2005, August). The effectiveness of instructional issues, Theories, Models and strategies for mainstreamed English Second Language students.  
Available online: Final report   AND slides   

Language Arts Instruction

     The purpose of the study was to: 1) identify language arts instructional policies and practices used by teachers, 2) determine if a relationship exists between school climate factors and instructional practices, and 3) compare results with those of the National Assessment Educational Progress (NAEP).

Pisapia, J., & Hoyt, W. (1994, December). The state of language arts instruction in elementary and middle schools: Research report. 123 pp ($16.50)

Literacy Passport Test

     McMillan, J. H. (1995, October). Successful literacy passport test remediation strategies for elementary and middle school students: Research report. 39 pp ($16.50)   

Mathematics

     Pisapia J., & Gross, E. (1991, June). 1990 National Assessment of Educational Progress in mathematics: Analysis and interpretive remarks of the state of mathematics achievement. 63 pp ($16.50)   
     Cauley, K., & VandeWalle, J. (1993, March). The NCTM Standards: Implementation survey instrument. ($20.00)   
     Cauley, K., & VandeWalle J. (1993, November). The NCTM Standards: Implementation. 31 pp ($16.50)   
     Cauley, K., VandeWalle J., & Hoyt, W. (1993, November). The NCTM Standards: Implementation technical report. 187 pp ($16.50)   

Overage Middle School Students

    

Reed, D., & Kirkpatrick, C. (1998, April). The impact of overage middle school students on middle schools. 37 pp ($10.00)

    

The purpose of this review was to explore the issue of disruptive students in the classroom and to offer suggestions and solutions to the problem. The review is divided into three major areas: (1) definitions and characteristics of disruptive students; (2) reasons why students misbehave; and (3) suggestions and solutions for solving the problem.

Reed, D. & Kirkpatrick, C. (1998, Nov.). Disruptive Students in the Classroom: A Review of Literature. 76pp ($10.00)

Parental Involvement

Types of Programs, Characteristics of Successful Programs, and Proven Strategies
The purpose of this report was to review literature and survey best practices to provide practical suggestions for enhancing parental involvement in urban schools. The focus was on practices that have been proven to work in the field. The intent was to provide some resource, information, and assistance that would help overcome barriers that prevent students from reaching their academic potential.  

     Fox, C. (1995, February) Parent involvement in public education: Review of literature. 47 pp ($10.00)   
     Philipsen, M. (1996, January) Parental Involvement in Schools: Case studies of three high schools in a southeastern metropolitan area: Research report. 146 pp ($16.50) Read the brief: Parental Involvement in Schools: Case Studies of Three High Schools in a Southeastern Metropolitan Area    
     Trevett, S., & McMillan J. (1998, September). Enhancing parental involvement in urban schools: Types of programs, characteristics of successful programs, and proven strategies. 12pp ($8.00)   

Scheduling Alternatives

This study was commissioned to study the effects of different high school schedules on teaching strategies, teacher and student satisfaction, and student and school performance. Data were gathered from 12 high schools using various high school schedules. The data are rich and include results from student, teacher, and administrator surveys and personal interviews. The respective characteristics, attributes, and effects of each scheduling model are displayed in matrix format.

     Westfall, A. (1995, February) Scheduling secondary schools: Questions and answers. 124 pp ($16.50)   
     Pisapia, J., & Westfall, A. (1996). Alternative high school schedules: Technical report. 138 pp ($15.00)   
     Pisapia, J., & Westfall, A. (1996). Alternative high school schedules: A view from the student's desk, a research report. 72 pp ($15.00) Read the brief: Alternative High School Scheduling - A View from the Student's Desk    
     Pisapia, J., & Westfall, A. (1996). Alternative high school schedules: A view from the teacher's desk, a research report. 76 pp ($15.00)  Read the brief: Alternative High School Scheduling - A View from the Teacher's Desk    
     Pisapia, J., & Westfall, A. (1996). Alternative high school schedules: Student achievement and behavior, a research report. pp 32 ($10.00)   Read the brief: Alternative High School Scheduling - Student Achievement and Behavior    

School Engagement

     The purpose of this project was to identify, through qualitative methods, those factors that contribute to a sense of belonging and engagement in school. Researchers investigated factors in the instructional program, in extracurricular activities, among peer groups, and in between classes (non-instructional time).

Cauley, K., Chafin, C., & Certo, J. (2001. Oct.). Students' Perspectives on Their High School Experience. 67pp ($16.50)

SOL Testing, Accountability and Accreditation

Standards-based educational reform has resulted in the development of statewide "high stakes" testing that reaches into the heart of the instructional process, affecting teacher behavior, students' experiences, and the nature of subject matter that is taught. This investigation used a qualitative case study approach to examine the implementation of high stakes testing and accountability in seven Richmond area schools (3 elementary, 2 middle and 2 high schools) that represent seven school divisions and the broad spectrum of community types. Data were obtained from interviews of superintendents, principals and teachers, as well as from observations and reviews of documents.
To find out more, view the research brief: SOL
Testing, Accountability & Accreditation

     This was a case study investigation of Title I elementary schools that demonstrated successful student performance of SOL tests. Using interviews of teachers, principals, and parents, observations, and document review, the team analyzed four schools-three of which demonstrated strong student performance.

McCay, E. & Savage, R. (2002. Jan.). Stories of Student Success in Title I Elementary Schools. 122pp ($16.50)

     This study examined ninth grade students who failed to receive a passing score on one or more SOL tests in May and retook the tests in July. Analyses showed that for Algebra I, students who attended summer school and focused on preparation for the test did much better than students who did not attend summer school. Moreover, gains were evident even with very low May scores. The results for other subjects also support the importance of summer school in helping students pass the SOL tests.

McMillan, J. & Fitzelle, D. (2001. Jan.). The Effectiveness of Remedial Summer School Programs. 45pp ($10.00)

     McMillan, J. & Snyder, A. (2002). The Effectiveness of Summer Remediation for High-Stakes Testing. ($16.50)   
     Snider, S. (1999.Oct.). Testing, Accountability and Accreditation. 55pp ($16.50)   

Teachers' Classroom Assessment and Grading Practices

Assessment and grading continue to be a private activity with considerable variation among teachers. While descriptions of grading practices are plentiful, there is little research on the relationship between grading practices and student motivation and achievement. The purpose of this research was to gather information from teachers regarding their assessment and grading practices to answer the following questions: 1) What is the current state of assessment practice and grading by teachers? 2) What assessment and grading topics do teachers identify as needs to be addressed in in-service?3) What is the relationship between assessment and grading practices and grades given to students? 4) What are the relationships between grade level, and subject taught, and assessment and grading practices?

     McMillan, J., & Workman, D. (1998, November). Teachers' classroom assessment and grading practices: Phase 1. 74 pp ($15.00) Read the brief: Teachers' Classroom Assessment and Grading Practices: Phase I   
     McMillan, J., & Workman, D. (1998, November). Teachers' classroom assessment and grading practices: Phase 2. 55 pp ($15.00) Read Brief: Teachers' Classroom Assessment and Grading Practices: Phase II    
     McMillan, J., & Workman, D. (1998, May). Classroom Assessment and Grading Practices: A Review of the Literature. 37pp ($10.00)   

Teacher Recruiting & Retaining

The purpose of these reports was to review the literature on induction programs as well as how to support and retain teachers throughout their careers.˜ Headings include factors in teacher attrition, induction program goals, outcomes, and problems, mentoring, and in-service teacher development. These studies used qualitative, in-depth interviews and focus groups of teachers currently working in Richmond metropolitan area public schools. These studies identified reasons teachers were remaining in their school divisions, reasons they felt their colleagues had left their school divisions, and perceptions of teachers regarding local school division teacher retention strategies.

     Fox, J., & Certo, J. (1999, Dec.). Recruiting and Retaining Teachers: A Review of Literature. 40pp ($10.00)   
     Fox, J., & Certo, J. (2001, Jan.). Retaining Teachers Across the Professional Continuum: A Review of Literature. 31pp ($10.00)   
     Certo, J., & Fox, J. (2001, Sept.). Retaining Quality Teachers. 93pp ($16.50)   

Teacher Researcher

Practicing teachers are in a unique position to ask questions about how students learn, and to investigate these questions in a way that will have an immediate impact on their teaching. Through this program, teachers have the opportunity and support to investigate different topics, and share their insights with other professionals in a collaborative setting.

To find out more, select one of the research briefs below:

  1. The Successful Interdisciplinary Class Must Secede from the Traditional

  2. A Study of Anger and the Elementary Student

  3. Is it Better to Drink from a Fountain or a Secret Waterfall?

  4. How do We Help Our Students Become More Responsible?

     Teacher as Researcher Forum (1995, May). Teaching as reflective practice: Papers by teacher researchers. 336 pp ($30.00)   
     Teacher as Researcher Forum (1996, August). Teaching as reflective practice: Papers by teacher researchers. 260 pp ($20.00)   

Technology

This in-depth study began with an investigation of cost-effective applications in the classroom. Then the impact of technologies on student performance was examined. Software to analyze the cost-effectiveness of different technologies was developed. The study concluded with the development of a benchmarking process to enhance technology integration.

To find out more, select one of the research briefs below:

  1. Learning Technologies and Student Performance

  2. Teaching with Technology: Roles and Styles

  3. Teaching with Technology: Exemplary Teachers

  4. Teaching with Technology: Productivity Tools

  5. Developing Exemplary Technology-Using Teachers

  6. Lessons Learned from Technology Intensive Schools

  7. Restructuring Schools with Technology

  8. Planning for Technology Infusion into the Schools

  9. Successfully Implementing Technology

  10. Technology: The Access Issue

  11. How to Conduct a Cost-Effectiveness Analysis?

     Pisapia J., & Perlman, S. (1992, December). Learning technologies in the classroom: A study of results. 134 pp ($16.50)  Read the brief: Are Learning Technologies Effective?    
     Pisapia, J., Schlesinger, J., & Parks, A. (1993, February). Learning technologies in the classroom: Review of literature. 213 pp ($19.50)   
     Pisapia, J. (1993, April). Learning technologies in the classroom: Lessons learned from technology intensive schools. 64 pp ($16.50)   
     Parks, A., & Pisapia, J. (1993, February). Learning technologies in the classroom:Annotated bibliography. 156 pp ($16.50)    
     Parks, A. & Pisapia, J. (1995). State of the Art Technology Application: Atlas. 681 pp ($69.50)   
     Pisapia, J. (1994, February). Cost analysis and learning technologies. 22 pp ($10.00) Read the brief: Cost Analysis and Learning Technologies    
     Pisapia, J., Schlesinger, J. & Perlman, S. (1993). Cost analysis program (CAP), software and user manual. ($69.50)   
     Technology package, without CAP software ($130.00)   
     Technology package with CAP software ($190.00)   

Work Force Preparation

     McMillan, J. H. (1993, December). Work force preparation: Review of literature. 27 pp ($10.00)   


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